Diseases of Kiwi fruit and Control of Dominant Patogen among Them in Adjara, Georgia
Author(s)
Otar Shainidze , Guram Chkhubadze , Shota Lominadze , Merab Mamuladze , Shota Lamparadze , Nodar Beridze , Lela Ebralidze ,
Download Full PDF Pages: 01-09 | Views: 295 | Downloads: 101 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7818597
Abstract
During 2021 and 2022, research was carried out at the Plant Protection Laboratory of Batumi State University and in the Khelvachauri district (Sameba village) of Adjara, Georgia.The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the dominants pathogens of Kiwifruit and determine the efficacies of different concentration i.e. 1000ppm, 2000ppm, 3000ppm, 4000ppm, 5000ppm of 12 different methanolic extracts from different medicinal plant species against main pathogen. Our results show that The bacterium Erwinia amylovora affects the fruits during ripening.The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum affects immature fruit on the tree. Botrytis cinerea affects fruits during storage. Botryosphaeria dothidea affects the fruit during ripening.It was clarified that among them the most common and dangerous is the fungus Botrytis cinerea. It was found out that revealed that all the concentrations of plant extracts except Althaea officinalis, Betonica officinalis and Jasminum officinale brought about inhibition in the growth of fungi Botrytis cinerea. Highly significant inhibition percent of mycelial growth against Botrytis cinerea was observed in PDA media amended with the 5000ppm concentration of Inula racemosa extract. Among the 12 extracts evaluated, 4 extract showed mycelia inhibition above 82.1-97.4%, 3 showed moderate effect of 68.7 - 79.2 % and 2 showed least 30.6% - 41.3%. The study ascertains the value of plants used in traditional medicine thereby concluding that Stevia rebaudiana, Inula racemosa, Rubia coradifolia and Panax ginseng extracts can be emerged as safe alternatives to replace chemical fungicides against patogens. Based on a general analysis, it is very clearly shown that the investigation is an important step towards developing plant bioprotection strategies for antifungal activity against the important phytopathogen. That can be beneficial for farmers and researchers who involve in agriculture.
Keywords
kiwifruit, fire blight, field rot, ripe rot, storage rot, antifungal activity, inhibition effect
References
i Boeing, H. Bechthold, A. Bub, A. Ellinger, S. Haller, D. Kroke, A. Leschik-Bonnet, E. Müller, M.J. Oberritter, H. Schulze, M. Stehle, P. Watzl, B., 2012. Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur J Nutr. 51:637–663.
ii Boland, M., 2013. Nutritional Benefits of Kiwifruit. Kiwifruit Proteins and Enzymes; pp. 59–80.
iii Beever, D.J. Hopkirk, G., 1990. Fruit development and fruit physiology. In: Warrington IJ, Weston GC (eds) Kiwifruit: science and management. The New Zealand Society for Horticultural Science and Ray Richards Publisher, Auckland, pp 97–126.
iv Sivakumaran, S., 2017. Confidential Report for Zespri International Ltd. Palmerston North: Plant and Food Research; 14.
v Fletcher, W.A. ,1971. Growing Chinese gooseberries. New Zealand Department of Agriculture. Bullet., 349:4-39.
vi Ford, I., 1971. Chinese gooseberry pest and disease control. New Zealand journal of agriculture, 122(3): 86-89.
vii Sale, P.R., 1980. The history of pest and disease control in kiwifruit. Proceedings of the 33rd New Zealand weed and pest control conference: 110-113.
viii Pennycook S.R. (1985): Fungal fruit rots of Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit). New Zeal. Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 13: 289-299
ix Shainidze, O., 2014. The Results of Phytopathological Research in Adjara [Book]. Tbilisi, 3-304.
x Harris, C.A., Renfrew, M.J.Woolridge, M.W., 2001. Assessing the risk of pesticide residues to consumers: Recent and future developments. Food Additives and Contaminat, 18:1124-1129.
xi Mahesh, B. Satish, S., 2008. Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal plant against plant and human pathogens. World Journal of Agricultural Scien., 4: 839-843.
xii Arif T., Bhosale J.D., Kumar N., Mandal T.K., Bendre R.S., Lavekar G.S., Dabur R. (2009): Natural products-antifungal agents derived from plants. J. Asian Natural Products Res., 11(7): 621-638.
xiii Samy, R.P. Ignacimuthu, S., 2000. Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats in India. J. Ethnopharm, 69: 63-71.
xiv Palombo, E.A. Semple, S.J., 2001. Antibacterial activity of traditional medicinal plants. Ethnopharm, 77: 151-157.
xv Behera, S.K. Misra, M.K., 2005. Indigenous phytotherapy for genito-urinary diseases used by the Kandha tribe of Orissa, India. J. Ethnopharmacol., 102: 319-325.
xvi Govindarajan, R.M. Vijayakumar, M. Singh, C.H.V. Rao, A. Shirwaikar, A. K. S., 2006. Rawat and
Pushpangadan, Antiulcer and antimicrobial activity of Anogeissus latifolia. J. Ethnopharmacol, 106: 57-61.
xvii Foster, M. Mueller, G. Bills, G., 2004. Biodiversity of fungi. Inventory and monitoring methods [Book]. – Boston: Elsevier Academic Press., 67- 98.
xviii Domsch, K.H. Gams, W. Anderson, T.H., 1993. Compedium of Soil Fungi. Academic Press., London, 3-860.
xix Navi, S.S. Bandyopadhyay, R. Hall, A.J. Bramel-Cox, P.J., 1999. A pictorial guide for the identification of mold fungi on sorghum grain. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Trop, 4 -118.
xx Watanabe, T., 2000. Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi: Morfologies of cultured fungi and key to species, Flor., 4- 411.
xxi Holmgren, P.K. Holmgren, N.H. Barbett, L.C.,1990. Index herbariorum, Part. 1: The Herbaria of the World. 8th edn. Regnum vegetab., 120: 1-163.
xxii López-Bascón, M. A. and Luque de Castro M. D., 2020. Liquid phase extraction, Chaoter-11 Soxhlet extraction, Pages 327-354.
xxiii Harborne J. B., 1998. Phytochemical Methods-A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, Chapman and Hall, Elsevier Science, 3:11.
xxiv Kirby, W. M. Yoshihara, G. M. Sundsted, S. K., and Warren, J. H., 1956. Clinical usefulness of a single dis method for antibiotic sensitivity testing, Antibiotic Annu,892-9.
xxv Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A., 1984. Statistical procedure for agricultural research, 2nd edition. A Wiley Interscience Publications, New York, 691 pp.
xxvi SAS/ Stat Guide for Personal Computers, Version 9.1 edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina. USA.
xxvii Gyoung, H.K. Young, J.K., 2018. Diagnosis and Integrated Management of Major Fungal Fruit Rots on Kiwifruit in Korea. Res. Plant Dis., 24:113–122.
xxviii Michailides, T.J. Elmer, P.A.G., 2000. Botrytis gray mold of kiwi-fruit caused by Botrytis cinerea in the United States and New Zealand. Plant Dis., 84:208–223.
xxix Pennycook, S.R., 1982. Sclerotinia rot of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) Orchardist N. Z., 55:407–408.
xxx Li, G. Huang, G. Zhu, L. Lv, D. Cao, B. Liao, F. Luo, J., 2019. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection of Phytophthora hibernalis, P. syringae and P. cambivora. J. Plant Pathol. 101:51–57
xxxi Samy, R.P. and S. Ignacimuthu, 2000. Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats in India. J. Ethnopharmacol., 69: 63-71.
Cite this Article: