Factors Affectıng Abdomınal Fat in Chıckens

Author(s)

Ayfer BOZKURT KIRAZ , Selahaddin Kiraz ,

Download Full PDF Pages: 01-08 | Views: 61 | Downloads: 25 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11444596

Volume 8 - April 2024 (04)

Abstract

In broiler chickens, 15-20% of the total body weight consists of fat. The most variable carcass component in broilers is fat. Abdominal fat accounts for approximately 2-3% of live weight. In broiler chickens, age and gender have a significant effect on fat deposition. there is a correlation between body weight and the level of fat deposition. The differences in abdominal and carcass fat content between genotypes indicate the importance of genetic effects on fat storage. Nutrition factors have a significant impact on the carcass composition of broiler chickens. Generally, high-energy diets provide advantages for live weight gain and feed efficiency, but can lead to excessive fat deposition. Environmental factors such as ambient temperature, housing systems, lighting programs, and physical activities are directly related to the life span and physical activities of poultry and affect fat storage. The caliper tool was first developed to estimate abdominal fat thickness in live broiler chickens, and significant phenotypic correlations were found between with this technique and abdominal fat weight.

Keywords

Abdomınal Fat in Chıckens

References

  1. BARTOV, I., BORNSTEIN, S., 1976. Effects of degree of fatness in broiler on other carcass
    characteristics: relationship between fatness and the composition of carcass fat. British Poultry Science, 17, 17.,
  2. BECKER, W,A., SPENCER, J.V., MIROSH, L.W., VERSTRATE, J.A., 1979. Prediction
    of fat and fet free live weight in broiler chickens using back-scin fat and live weight. Poultry
    Science 58, 835-842,.
  3. BENYI, K., HABI H., Effects of food restriction during the finishing period on the
    performance of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 39, 423-425, 1998.
  4. BOA-AMPONSEM, K., DUNNINGTON, E.A., SIEGEL, P.B., 1991. Genotype, feeding
    regimen, and diet interactions in meat chickens, II. Feeding behaviour. Poultry Science, 70, 689-696.
  5. BOORMAN, K.N., 1979. Regulation of protein and amino acid intake. In: Food intake
    Regulation in Poultry (Eds. K. N. Boorman and Freeman) Longman, Edinburgh, p. 87-126.
  6. BURKE, W.H., MOORE, J.A., OGEZ, J.R., BU1LDER, S.E., The properties of
    recombinant chicken growth hormone and its effects on growth, body composition, feed efficiency and other factors in broiler chickens. Endocrinology 120, 651-658,1987.
  7. CAHANER, A., NITSAN, Z., NIR, I., 1982. Weight and fat content of adipose and nonadipose tissues in broilers selected for or against abdominal adipose tissue. Poultry Science, 65:215,1986.
  8. CHAMBERS, J.R., Prediction of broiler abdominal fatnessby caliper measurements of
    abdominal vvall thickness. Poultry Science, 61, 1434
  9. CHERRY, JA., SWARTWORTH, W. J. and SIEGEL, P.B., 1984. Adipose cellularity studies
    in commercial broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 63, 97-108.
  10. DARDEN, J.R., MARKS, H.L., 1985. The influence of dietary salt on water consumption and
    carcass lipids in Japenese quail. Poultry Science, 64, 1269.
  11. DEATON, J.W„ KUBENA, L.F., CIEN, T.C., REECE, F.N., 1974. Factors influencing the
    quantity of abdominal fat in broilers. 2. Cage versus floor rearing. Poultry Science, 53, 574-576.
  12. DONALDSON, W.E., COMBS, G.F. ROMOSER, G.L., 1956. Studies on energy levels in
    poultry ratios. I. The effect of calorie-protein ratio of the ration on growth, nutrient utilazation and body composition of chicks. Poultry Science, 35, 1100-1105.
  13. EDWARDS, Jr., RM, DENMAN, F., 1975. Carcass composition studies. 2. Influences of
    breed , sex and diet on gross composition of the carcass and fatty acid composition of the
    adipose tissue. Poultry Science, 54, 1230-1238.
  14. EDWARDS, Jr„ H.M, DENMAN, F., ABOU-ASHOUR, A., NUGARA, D., 1973. Carcass
    composition studies. 1. Influences of age, sex and type of dietary fat supplementation on total carcass and fatty acid composition. Poultry Science, 52, 934-948.
  15. EVANS, A. J., 1977. The growth of fat in: Growth and Poultry Meat Production. pp 29-64.
    Eds. Boorman, K. N. and Wilson, B. L, British Poultry Science Ltd. Edinburgh, Scotland.
  16. FISHER, C., 1984. Fat deposition in broilers. İn: Fats in animal nutrition. p. 437-470.
    Proceedings of the 37th Nottingham Easter School. Ed. Wiseman, L, Nottingham, England.
  17. FISHER, C., WlLSON B.J., 1974. Response to dietary energy concentration by growing
    chicken Energy Requirements of Poultry (Morris, T.R. and Freeman, B.M., eds). p. 151-184.
    Edinburgh British Poultry Science.
  18. FONTONA, E.A, WEAVER, W.D., DENBOW, D.M. 1983. Effects of early feed restriction on growth, feed convarsion and mortality in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 71, 1296-1305, 1992.
  19. FREEMAN, C.P., Fat supplementation in animal production - monogastric animals. In:
    Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 42, 351-359.
  20. GRIFFIN, H.D., ACAMOVIC, A., GUO, K., PEDDIE, J., 1989. Plasma lipoprotein
    metabolism in lean and fat chickens produced by divergent seleetion for plasma very low density lipoptrotein concentration, J. of Lipid Science. 30, 1234-1250.
  21. GRIFFIN, H.D., HERM1ER, D., 1988. In: Leclercq, B., Whitehead, CC. (Eds) Leanness in
    Domestic Birds: Genetic, Metabolic and Hormonal Aspect, London.
  22. GRIFFIN, H.D., WHITEHEAD, C.C., BROADBENT, L.A., 1982. The relationship
    between plasma triglyceride concentrations and body fat content in male and female broilers – a basis for selection? British Poultıy Science, 23, 15-23.
  23. GRIFFIN, H.D., WINDSOR, D.,  WHITEHEAD, C.C., 1991. Changes in lipoprotein
    metabolism and body composition in chicken in response to divergent selection plasma very low density lipoptrotein concentration. British Poultry Science, 32, 195-201.
  24. GRIFFITHS, L., LEESON, S„ SUMMERS, J.D., 1978. Studies on abdominal fat with
    four commercial strains of male broiler chicken. Poultry Science, 57, 1198-1203.
  25. GRUFFAT, D., DURAND, D., GRAULET, B., BAUCHART, D., 1996. Regulation of
    VLDL synthesis and secretion in the liver. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 36, 375-389.
  26. GRUNDER, A.A., CHAMBERS, J.R, FORTIN, A., 1987. Plasma very low density
    Lipoproteins, abdominal fat Lipase, and fatness during rearing in two strains of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 66, 471-479.
  27. HAKANSSON, J., ERIKSSON, S., SVENSSON, S.A., 1978. The influence of feed energy level on feed consumptian, growth and development of different organs of Chickens. Report No. 59. Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Department of Animal Husbandry.
  28. HARPER, A.E., BENEVENGA, N.J., WOHLHUETER, R.M., 1970. Effects of ingestion of
    dispropportionate amounts of amino acids. Physlological Reviews, 50, 428-558.
  29. HAVE, H.G.M., SCHEELE, C.W., A.,  1981. Comparison of the effects of different factors on the carcase composition of three broiler strains at two ages. In: Quality of Poultry Meat. pp 386-396. Eds. Mulder, R.W.A. W., Scheele, C.W. and Veerkamp, GR, Beekbergen, The Netherlands.
  30. HAYE, U., SIMONS, P.C.M, 1978. Twisted legs in broilers. British Poultry Science, 19, 549-
    557.
  31. HOOD, R.L., 1984. Cellular and biochemical aspects of fat deposition in broiler type chicken.
    World’s Poultry Science Journal, 40, 160-169.
  32. HOOD, RL., 1982. The cellular basis for growth of the abdominal fat pad in broiler type
    chickens. Poultry Science, 61, 117-121.
  33. HUYBRECHTS, L.M.,  DECUYPERE E., BUYSE, J., KUHN, E.R., TIXIER-
    BOICHARD, M., 1992. Effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on weight gain, fat content, and hormonal parameters in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 71, 181-187.
  34. JACKSON, S., SUMMERS, J.D., LEESON, S., 1982. Effect of dietary protein and energy on
    broiler carcass composition and efficiency of nutrient utilization. Poultry Science, 61, 2224-2231.
  35. KROGDAHL, A., 1985. Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry. Journal of
    Nutrition, 115, 675-685.
  36. KUBENA, L.F., CHEN, T.C., DEATON, J.W., REECE, F.N., 1974. Factors influencing the
    quantity of abdominal fat in broilers. 3. Dietary energy levels. Poultry Science, 53:974-978,
  37. KUBENA, L.F., LOTT, B.D., DEATON, J.W., REECE, F.N., MAY, J.D., 1972. Body
    composition of chicks as influenced by environmental temperature abd selected dietary factors. Poultry Science, 51, 517-522.
  38. LECLERCQ, B-, BLUM, J.C., BOYER, J.P., 1980. Selecting broiler for low or high
    abdominal fat: initial observations. Poultry Science, 21, 107-113.
  39. LECLERCQ, B., CIIAGNEAU, A.M, COCIIARD, T., KHOURY, J., 1994. Comparative
    responses of genetically lean and fat chickens to lysine, arginine and non-essential amino acid supply. I. Growth and body composition. British Poultry Science, 35, 687-696.
  40. LEENSTRA, F.R, 1982. Genetic aspects of fat deposition and feed efficiency. 24th British
    Poultry Breeders Roundtable Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland.
  41. LEENSTRA, F.R., 1986. Effect of age, sex, genotype and environment on fat deposition in
    broiler chickens. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 42, 12-25.
  42. LEENSTRA, F.R., 1984. Influence of diet and genotype on carcass quality in poultry and
    their consequences for selection. In: Rccent Advances in Animal Nutrition. pp 3-16. Eds.
    Haresign, W. and Cole, D. J. A., Buttemorth, London, England.
  43. LEENSTRA, F.R., VEREIJKEN, P.F.G., PIT, R., 1987. Fat deposition in a broiler sire strain. 1. Phenotypic and genetic variation İn, and correlations between, abdominal fat, body weight and feed.
  44. LEWIS, P.D., MACLEOD, M.G., PERRY, G.C., 1994. Effects of lighting  regimen and grower diet energy concentration on energy expenditure, fat deposition and body weight gain of laying hens. British Poultry Science 35, 407-15.
  45. LIN, C.Y., FRIARS, G.W., MORAN, E.T., 1980. Genetic and environmental aspects of obesity in broilers. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 36, 103-111.
  46. LIPSTEIN, B., BORNSTEIN, S., BARTOV, L, 1975. The replacement of some of the soybean meal by the first limiting amino acids in practical broiler diets. 3. Effects of protein concentrations and amino acid supplementalions in broiler finisher diets on fat deposition in the carcass. British Poultry Science 16, 627-635.
  47. LOHMAN, T.G., 1973. Biological variation in body composition. Journal of Animal
    Science, 32, 647-653.
  48. M1ROSH, L.W., BECKER, W.A., 1983. Predition of abdominal fit in broiler chickens, Poultry Science, 59,945.
  49. MALLARD, J., DOUAIRE, M., 1988. Strategies of selection for leanness in meat
    production, in: Leclercq, B., Whitehead, CC. (Eds) Leanness in Domestic Birds: Genetic, Metabolic and Hormonal Aspect, London.
  50. MARCH, B.E., HANSEN, G., 1977. Lipid accumulation and cell multiplication in adipose
    bodies in White Leghorn and broiler-type chicks. Poultry Science, 56, 886-894.
  51. MARCH, B.E., 1984. Plasma triglyceride and glucose clearance in broiler-type and White
    Leghorn chickens with different degrees of adiposity. Poultry Science, 63,1586-1593.
  52. MARKS, H.L.,   PESTI, G.M., 1984. The roles of protein level and diet form in water
    consumption and abdominal fat deposition of broilers. Poultry Science, 63, 1617-1625.
  53. MARKS, H.L., BAIK, D.H., 1994. Selection for eight-week body weight in two
    randombred chicken populations under altered water to feed ratios. 2. Feed intake, Water
    intake and abdominal fat levels. Poultry Science, 73, 1489-1498.
  54. MARKS, H.L., PESTI, G.M, 1984. The roles of protein level and diet form in water
    consumption and abdominal fat deposition of broilers. Poultry Science, 63, 1617-1625.
  55. MARKS, H.L., 1994. Selection for eight-week body weight in two randombred chicken
    populations under altered vvater to feed ratios. 1. Selection responses. Poultry Science, 73, 1175-1182.
  56. MARKS, H.L., WASHBURN, K.W., 1983. The relationship of altered water/feed intake ratios on growth and abdominal fat in commercial broilers. Poultry Science, 62, 263-272.
  57. MARKS, RL., 1988. Genetic manipulation of abdominal fat in broilers .CRC Critical Rev.
    POULTRY BIOL., 1, 271-284.
  58. McLEOD, J.A., 1982. Nutritional factors influencing carcass fat in broilers. Zootechnica
    International, 7, 60-64.
  59. MIROSH, L.W., BECKER,.W.A., 1983. Testing a caliper for measuring thickness of the
    abdominal region live broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 62, 1.
  60. MIROSH. L.W., BECHER.W.A., SPENCER, J.V., VERSTRATE, J.A., 1980. Predition of
    abdominal fat in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 59, 945.
  61. MITCHEL, R.D., BURKE, W.H, The effect of orally administered thyrotropin-releasing
    hormone on growth and carcass characteristics of seven-to ten-week-old broilers. Poultry Science, 72, 1952-1960,1993.
  62. MOLLISON, B., GUENTER, W., BOYCOTT, B.R., 1984. Abdominal fat deposition and
    sudden death syndrome in broiler: 1 he effect of restricted intake, early life caloric restriction and calorie:protein ratio. Poultry Science, 63, 1190-1200.
  63. PESTI, G.M, WHITEING, T.S., JENSEN, L.S., 1983. The effect of crumbling on the
    relationship between dietary density and chick growth, feed efficiency and abdominal fat pad weights. Poultry Science, 62, 490-494.
  64. PESTI, G.M., LECLERCQ B., CHAGNEAU, A.M, COCHARD, T., Comparative
    responses of genetically lean and fat chickens to lysine, arginine and non-essential amino acid supply. II. Plasma amino acid responses. British Poultry Science, 35, 697-707, 1994.
  65. PFAFF, F. E., AUSTIC, RE., 1976. Influence of diet on development of the abdominal fat pad in the pullet.  Journal of Nutrition, 106, 443-450,
  66. PICARD, M.L., UZU, G., DUNNINGTON, E.A., SIEGEL, P.B., 1993. Food intake adjustment of chicks: short term reactions to deficiencies in lysine, methionine and tryptophan. British Poultry Science, 34, 737-746.
  67. PYM, R.A.E., THOMPSON, J.M., 1980.  A simple caliper technique for estimation of
    abdominal fat in live broiler. British Poultry Science, 21, 281-286,
  68. RICARD, F.H., 1975. Facteurs génétique influenfant la qualité des carcasses du poulet. In: The quality of Poultry meat. pp 4(1)–4(16). Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Poultry Meat Quality. Ed. Erdtsieck, B., Oosterbeek, The Netherlands .
  69. ROGERS, Q.R., LEUNG, P.M.B., 1973. The influence of amino asids on the neuroregulation offood intake. Federatlon Proceedlngs American Socs., Experimental Biology, 32,1709-1719.
  70. SCHEELE, C.W, SCHAGEN, P.J.W. VAN., HAVE, H.G.M TEN., 1981. Abdominal and
    total fat content of three broiler strains at two ages affected by nutritional factors. In: Quality
    of Poultry Meat. pp 397-407. Eds. Mulder, R. W. A. W., Scheele, C. W. and Veerkamp, C. H., Beekbergen, The Netherlands.
  71. SCHWARTZBERG, K, ADAMS, R.L., STADELMAN, W.L., 1980. Correlation of fet
    thickness probe to actual weight of broiler fat pad. Poultry Science, 59,1659; (Abstr.).
  72. SIMON, J., LECLERCQ, B., 1961-1973. Longitudinal study of adiposity in chickens selected for high or low abdominal fat content: further evidence of a glucose-insulin inbalace in the fat line. Journal of Nutrition, 112:
  73. SUMMERS, J.D., LEESON, S., 1985. Poultry nutrition handbook. Uni. of Guelph, Canada,
  74. THOMAS, C.R, BLOW, W.L., COCKERHAM, C.C., GLAZENER, E. W., 1958. The
    heritability of bodyweight, gain, feed consumption and feed conversion in broilers. Poultry Science, 37, 862-869,
  75. THOMAS, C.R, GLAZENER, E.W., BLOW, W.L., 1958. The relationship between feed
    conversion and ether extract of broilers. Poultry Science, 37, 1177-1179.
  76. TWINING, Jr. P.V., THOMAS, O.P., BOOSARD, E.H., 1978. Effect of diet and type of
    birds on the carcass composition of broilers at 28, 49 and 59 days of age. Poultry Science, 57,
    492-497.
  77. UN, C.Y., 1981. Relationship between increased body weight and fat deposition in broillers.
    World’s Poultry, 37, 106-110.
  78. WHITEHEAD, C.C., 1990. Divergent seleetion of lean and fat lines over eight generations
    using plasma very low density lipoptrotein concentration as seleetion criterion. British Poultry
    Science, 31, 293-305,.
  79. WHITEHEAD, C.C., GRIFFIN, H.D., 1982. Plasma lipprotein concentration as an indicator of fatness in broilers: Effect of age and diet. British Poultry Science, 23, 299-305.
  80. WHITEHEAD, C.C., GRIFFIN, RD., 1984. Development of divergent lines of lean and fat
    broilers using plasma very low density lipoptrotein concentration as selection criterion: The first three generations. British Poultry Science, 25, 573-582.
  81. WHTEHEAD, C.C., GRIFFIN, H.D., 1986. Development of divergent lines of lean and fat
    broilers using plasma very low dcnsity lipoprotein concentration as selection criterion; rcsult over the four generation and lack of effect of dietary fat on performance and carcass fat content. British Poultry Science, 27, 317-324.
  82. YOSHIDA, M, MORIMOTO, R., 1970.  Interrelationship between dietary protein level and
    carcass composition of chicks.  Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Vol. 34, No:3, p. 414-422,
  83. ZHONG, C., NAKAUE, H.S., HU, C.Y., MIROSH I..W., 1995. Effect of  full feed and early
    feed restriction on broiler performance, abdominal fat level, cellularity, and fat metabolism in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 74, 1636-1643.

Cite this Article: