Negative Effects of Heat Stress Conditions Dduring the Hot Summer Season in Egypt on Rabbits Productivity and Alleviation of These Effects Using Some Supplementary Nutrients

Author(s)

Alsaied Alnaimy Mostafa Habeeb ,

Download Full PDF Pages: 01-15 | Views: 1229 | Downloads: 312 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3613521

Volume 3 - December 2019 (12)

Abstract

Optimal climatic conditions for rabbits would be something like an air temperature of 13 to 20 ºC, wind velocity of 5 to 18 km/hr, the relative humidity of 55 to 65% and a moderate level of sunshine and these factors are interrelated. Changes in these environmental factors cause heat stress on rabbits which the animal body has problems dissipating excess heat. In tropical and sub-Tropical countries like Egypt, the climatic characteristic is the major constraint on animal productivity. The summer in Egypt is characterized by high ambient temperature, intense solar radiation and high relative humidity. Therefore, rabbits will be exposed to such severe climatic stress for almost 6 months of the year. Exposure of rabbits to heat stress evokes a series of drastic changes in the biological functions, including a decrease in feed intake, feed efficiency and utilization, disturbances in water, protein, energy and mineral balances, enzymatic activities, hormonal secretions and blood metabolites ending to impairment the productive and reproductive performance. The process of minimizing or reducing these drastic changes in the biological functions in rabbits during the hot summer season is called the amelioration process. Amelioration of heat stress in heat-stressed animals to improve its productivity has been attempted using different techniques including some nutritional means. Vitamins A, D3 and E are potent antioxidants and rabbits cannot produce these vitamins in their bodies. Therefore an exogenous regular supply is needed to cover the physiological requirements and to sustain high production performance. Vitamin E and Selenim are involved with cellular antioxidant status and the existence of a synergistic action between selenium and vitamin E both improved synergistic antioxidant effect. Oxidative stress commonly occurs following heat stress in tropical regions and negatively affects on animals' performance. The antioxidant activity is high in medicinal plants and antioxidants play an important role in providing protection to animals against heat stress conditions. Ginger lowered lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of the antioxidant enzymes.  Curcumin or Turmeric has a wide spectrum of biological actions including antioxidant effect due to it acts as a scavenger of oxygen free radicals and lowers the production of reactive oxygen species like superoxide anions, H2O2 and nitrite radical which increased when exposure rabbits to heat stress condition.
The present work reviewed the effect of heat stress of hot summer season on the productive and reproductive performance of rabbits and using of different nutritional supplements for alleviating the negative effect of heat stress on rabbits during the hot summer season of Egypt.

Keywords

heat stress, rabbits, nutritional supplements, ginger, curcumin, AD3Evitamins, vitamin E, selenium

References

i.        Abdel-Monem UM, AM Abdul-Azeem and SS Hamza (2016). Physiological and biochemical impacts of dietary Nigella Sativa levels and feeding system on does performance at first parity under Egyptian condition. Journal of Animal Science 12(3): 23-29

ii.      Abdel-Rahman SAH and DAA Baqey (2016). Effect of the thermal changes on physiological, biochemical and histological traits in pregnant and embryo of New Zealand White Rabbits. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology Research 6(2): 313-327.   

iii.    Abdel-Samee AM, HM Tantawy and MR Rashed (2014). Heat Adaptability of Growing New Zealand white rabbits Under Egyptian Conditions. Zagazig Veterinary Journal 42 (1):140-151.

iv.     Ahmed RS, V Seth and BD Banerjee (2000). Influence of dietary ginger (Zingiber officnales Roscoe) on antioxidant defence system in rat: Comparison with ascorbic acid. Indian Journal Experimental Biology 38 (6): 604-606.

v.       Ain-Baziz H, I Boulbina, I Iles, R Belabbas, S Zenia and S Temim (2012). Influence of environmental temperature and relative humidity on semen characteristics in male rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) of local Algerian population.  Proceedings 10thWorld Rabbit Congress,  Sharm El-Sheik, Egypt, pp. 347 – 350.

vi.     Al-Sobayil K and MH Khalil (2004). Semen characteristics of bucks in crossbreeding project involving Saudi Gabali with V-Line rabbits in Saudi Arabia. World Rabbit Science 12: 191-198.

vii.   AL-Zafry SR. and MS Medan (2012). Effects of vitamin E and selenium complex on heat-stressed rabbits. Suez Canal Veterinary Medicine Journal 22:129-138.

viii. Amici A, O Franci, P Mastroiacono, N Merendino, M Nardini and G Tomassi (2010). Short term acute heat stress in rabbits: functional, metabolic and immunological effects. World Rabbit Science 8(1): 11-16.

ix.     Ayyat M. and IFM Marai (1997). Effects of heat stress on growth, carcass traits and blood components of New Zealand White rabbits fed various dietary energy–fibre levels, under Egyptian conditions. Journal of Arid Environment 37(3): 557-568.

x.       Ayyat MS and  IFM Marai (1998).  Evaluation of application of the intensive rabbit production system under the subtropical con­ditions of Egypt. Journal of World Rabbits Science 6: 213-217.

xi.     Ayyat MS and  IFM Marai (1996). Effects of summer heat stress on growth performance, some carcass traits and blood com­ponents of New Zealand White rabbits fed different dietary protein-energy levels, under sub-tropical Egyptian conditions. Proceedings of 6th World Rabbit Congress, Toulouse, France, 2: 151-161.

xii.   Bassuny  SA (1999). Performance of doe rabbits and their weanlings as affected by heat stress and their alleviation by nutritional means under Egyptian conditions. Egyptian journal of rabbit science 9: 61-72.

xiii. Belhadj-Slimen I, T Najar, A Ghram and M Abdrrabba (2015). Heat stress effects on livestock: molecular, cellular and metabolic aspects, a review. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition 100 (3):401-412.

xiv. Boiti C, GM Chiericato, N Filotto and C Conali (1992). Effects of high environmental temperature on plasma testosterone, Cortisol, T3 and T4 levels in the growing rabbit. Journal of Applied Research 15: 447-455.

xv.   Brown KM and JR Arthur (2001). Selenium, selenoproteins and human health: a review. Public Health Nutrition 4: 593-599.

xvi. Chattopadhyay I, B Kaushik, U Bandyopadhyay and  R Banerjee (2004). Review Article Turmeric and curcumin: Biological Actions and Medicinal Applications. Current Science 87:1-10.

xvii.           Dangi SS, SK Dangi, V Chouhan, M Verma, P Kumar, G Singh and M Sarkar (2016). Modulatory effect of betaine on expression dynamics of HSPs during heat stress acclimation in goat (Capra hircus). Gene 575(2): 543-550.

xviii.         El-Masry KA, AS Nasr and TH Kamal (1994). Influences of season and dietary supplementation with selenium and vitamin E or Zinc on some blood constituents and semen quality of New Zealand White rabbit males. Journal of World Rabbits Science 2: 79-86.

xix. El-Speiy  ME and AM  El-Hanoun (2013). Effect of ginger extract on reproductive performance of male rabbits. Egyptian Poultry Science 33(I): 261-277.

xx.   Farghaly HM and AA El-Darawany (1994). Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting reproductive performance in exotic rabbit breeds under Egyptian conditions. Options Méditerranéennes (Spain), 8: 253-261.

xxi. Fennema O (2008). Fennema's Food Chemistry. CRC Press Taylor & Francis. pp. 454–455.

xxii.           Finzi A, P Morera and G Kuzminsky (1995). Sperm abnormalities as possible indicators of rabbits chronic heat stress. Journal of World Rabbits Science 3(4): 157-161.

xxiii.         Goyal RK and SV Kadnur (2006). Beneficial effects of Zingiber officinale on goldthioglucose induced obesity. Fitoterapia 77: 160-163.

xxiv.          Gupta SK and A Sharma (2014). Medicinal properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe - A Review. Journal of Pharm and Biological Science 9(5): 124-129

xxv.            Habeeb AAM (2018a). Biosynthesis and Roles of Glutathione in heat Stressed Animals. International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry 3(5): 91-98.

xxvi.          Habeeb AAM (2018b). Review Article: Oxidative Stress in Animals Exposed to Different Stressful Conditions.  International Journal of Nutritional Sciences 3(2): 1027-1029.

xxvii.        Habeeb AAM, A El-Maghawry, IFM Marai, and A Gad (1998). Physiological thermoregulation mechanism in rabbits drinking saline water under hot summer conditions. In 1st International Conference on Indigenous versus Acclimatized Rabbits, El-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt pp: 443-456.

xxviii.      Habeeb AAM, AA El-Darawany, AS Nasr and AK Sharaf (2019). Impact of some medicinal plants supplementation on pregnant rabbits diet during hot summer season. (Under publication)

xxix.  Habeeb  AAM,  AI Aboul-Naga  and  AF Khadr (1999). Deterio­ration effect of summer hot climate on bunnies of acclimatized rabbits during suckling period. Proceedings of 1st Interna­tional Conference on Indigenous Versus Acclimatized Rabbits, El-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt, pp 253-263.

xxx.            Habeeb AAM, KM Elwan, IFM Marai, AA EL-Drawany and AA EL-Tarabany (2011). New Techniques for improving the Rabbit's Semen Properties under Hot Summer Conditions. Egyptian Journal of Applied Sciences 26(3): 1-24.

xxxi.          Habeeb AAM,  MAM Abdel-Hafez, ESH EL-Gohary and OA Salama (2016). Effect of AD3E vitamins injection on age and weight of weaning and reproductive activity of goats 2- Effect of AD3E vitamins injection and diurnal variations on physiological response and reproductive activity of goat bucks exposed to direct solar radiation of hot summer season in Egypt. BEST: International Journal of Humanity, Arts, Medicine and Science 4 (3):5-16.

xxxii.        Habeeb AAM, MAM Abdel-Hafez, ESH EL-Gohary, MM Fathala and OA Salama (2015). Effect of AD3E vitamins injection on age and weight of weaning and reproductive activity of goats 1- Physiological response and reproductive performance of goat bucks during different seasons in Egypt. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production, Mansoura University, Egypt 6(12):719-739.

xxxiii.      Habeeb AAM, Fatma EI Teama, MZ Nesseim and KM Elwan (2008). Evaluation of physical semen characteristics of male rabbits exposed to different climatic conditions and lighting regimes using nuclear techniques. Proceedings of International 9th Conference of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Sharm El-Shiekh Egypt pp: 58-67.

xxxiv.      Habeeb AAM, Mona N Sharoud, HA Basuony and MI Michael (2018b). Effect of environmental climatic conditions on levels of some hormones, vitamins and trace elements in blood and seminal plasma of rabbits. International Journal of Biotechnology and Recent Advances 1 (1): 18-23.

xxxv.        Habeeb AAM,  A Aboul-Naga and H Yousef (1993). Influence of exposure to high temperature on daily gain, feed efficiency and blood components of growing male Californian rabbits. Egyptian Journal of Rabbit Science 3(1): 73-80.

xxxvi.      Habeeb AAM  and AA EL-Tarabany (2012). Effect of nigella sativa or curcumin addition to diet of growing goats during hot summer season on daily weight gain, feed intake, blood components and some physiological body functions. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications 45 (3): 237-249.

xxxvii.    Habeeb AAM, IFM Marai and TH Kamal (1992). Heat stress. Farm animals and the environment. In: Philips C, Piggins D (eds), CAB International, Wallingford, UK: 27-47.

xxxviii.  Habeeb AAM,  KM Elwan, IFM Marai, AA EL-Drawany and AA EL-Tarabany (2010). Effect of amelioration summer heat stress condition techniques on some blood hormones, vitamins and trace elements in rabbit bucks. Isotope and Radiation Research 42 (4) (Suppl. 1): 1353-1373.

xxxix.      Habeeb AAM, AE Gad, Fatma EI Teama and AA EL-Tarabany (2018a). Means of Alleviation the Negative Effects of Summer Heat Stress on Animals.  Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science 2(1): 37-61.

xl.     Hadden JW (1987). Neuroendocrine modulation of the thymus-dependent immune system. Ann NY Academic Science 496: 39

xli.   Hafez YM (2012). Enhancing milk production in periparturient buffalo fed protected fat with and without vitamins AD3E treatment. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production, 49:249-256.

xlii. Hogan JS, KL Smith, WP Weiss, DA Todhunter and WL Shockey (1990). Relationships among vitamin E, selenium, and bovine blood neutrophils. Journal of Dairy Science 73:2372-2378.

xliii.           Ibrahim AM, AA Abedo, HA Omer and FA Ali. (2009). Response of growing New Zealand White rabbits to diets containing different levels of energy and mixture of some medicinal plants. World Journal of Agriculture Science 5(5): 544–551.

xliv.           Ibrahim AM (2005). Effect of some medicinal plants as feed additives on growth and some metabolic changes in rabbits. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds 8: 207–219.

xlv. Ibrahim MM (2010). Effect of some untraditional diets on growth, reproduction and carcass characteristics of rabbits in north Sinai. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Environmental Agriculture Science, Suez Canal University, El-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt, 112 pp.

xlvi.           Ibrahim MM (2016).  Effect of nutrition some medicinal plants on the reproductive performance of male and female rabbits under Sinai condition. PhD. Thesis, Faculty of Environmental Agriculture Science, Suez Canal University, El-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt.

xlvii.         Institute of Medicine (2010). Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

xlviii.       Institute of Medicine (2013). Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids. Retrieved from http: //www.nap.Edu/open book. php record_id=9810 page = 186

xlix.           Jiang H, Z Xie, HJ Koo, SP McLaughlin, BN Timmermann and DR Gang (2006). Metabolic profiling and phylogenetic analysis of medicinal Zingiber species: Tools for authentication of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc). Phytochemistry 67(15):1673–1685. 

l.        Kalaba ZM (2012). Reproductive performance of rabbit does fed diets Supplemented with chromium yeast or vitamin E and Selenium yeast under heat stress. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and feeds 15 (3): 587-598

li.      Kamel I (2012). The effect of dietary organic selenium and folic acid supplementation on productive and reproductive performance of male rabbits under heat stress conditions. Egyptian Poultry Science 32 (I): 43-62.

lii.    Manjunatha H and K Srnivasan (2006). Protective effect of dietary Curcumin and Capsaicin on induced oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, iron-induced hepatotoxicity and carrageenan -induced inflammation in experimental rats. FEBS Journal 273: 4528-4537

liii.  MacPherson A (1994). Selenium, vitamin E and biological oxidation. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (Garnsworthy, P.C. and Cole, D. J. A. Editors). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.

liv.   McKenzie RC, TS Rafferty and GJ Beckett (1998). Selenium: an essential element for immune function. Immunology Today 19: 342-345.

lv.     Marai IFM, AAM Habeeb and AE Gad (2004a). Reproductive traits of female rabbits as affected by heat stress and lighting regime under subtropical conditions of Egypt. Animal Science (Britain), 78: 119- 127.

lvi.   Marai IFM, AAM Habeeb and AE Gad (2004b). Growth performance traits and the physiological background of young doe rabbits as affected by climatic conditions and lighting regime, under subtropical conditions of Egypt. The 8th world Rabbit congress, pueble city, (Mexico) pp: 288- 297.

lvii. Marai IFM, MS Ayyat, HA Gabr and UM Abdel-Monem (1996). Effect of summer heat Stress and its amelioration on production performance of New Zealand White adult female and male rabbits under Egyptian conditions. In: Proceedings of 6th World Rabbits Congress, Toulouse, France pp: 197–208.

lviii.           Marai IFM, AAM Habeeb and AE Gad (2007). Biological functions in young pregnant rabbit does as affected by heat stress and lighting regime under subtropical conditions of Egypt. Tropical and subtropical Agroecosystems (Mexico), 7: 165-176.

lix.   Marai IFM, MS Ayyat. and UM Abd-El-Monem (2001). Growth performance and reproductive traits at first parity of New Zealand White female rabbits as affected by heat stress and its alleviation under Egyptian conditions. Tropical Animal Health and Production 33(6): 451-462.

lx.     Marai IFM, AAM Habeeb and AE Gad (2002a). Rabbits’ productive, reproductive and physiological performance traits as affected by heat stress: a review. Livestock Production Science (NetherLands) 78(2): 71-90.

lxi.   Marai IFM, AAM Habeeb and HE Gad (2002b). Reproductive traits of male rabbits as affected by climatic conditions, in the subtropical environment of Egypt. Animal Science, (Britain) 75: 451- 458.

lxii. Marai IFM, AAM Habeeb, GA El-Sayiad, MZ Nessem (1994). Growth performance and physiological response of New Zealand White and Californian rabbits under hot summer conditions of Egypt. Proceeding of the 1st international conference on "Rabbits Production in Hot Climates". Zagazig University, Egypt, Options Mediterranean 8 (Suppl.) pp: 619-625.

lxiii.           Marai, I.F.M. and A.A.M. Habeeb (1994). Thermoregulation in Rabbits. Proceeding of the 1st international conference on "Rabbits Production in Hot Climates". Zagazig University, Egypt, Options Mediterranean, 8 (Suppl.) pp: 33-41.

lxiv.           Marai IFM, AAM Habeeb and AE Gad (2005). Tolerance of imported rabbits grown as meat animals to hot climate and saline drinking water in the subtropical environment of Egypt. Animal Science (Britain), 81: 115-123

lxv. Marai IFM,  AAM Habeeb and AE Gad (2008). Performance of New Zealand White and Californian male weaned rabbits in the sub-tropical environment of Egypt. Animal Science Journal (Japan), 79: 472-480.

lxvi.           Mayo Clinic (2013). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Vitamin E. Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. Com/health/ vitamin-e /NS, patient- vitamin

lxvii.         Mousa-Balabel T (2004). Effect of heat stress on New Zealand White rabbits’ behavior and performance. Minufiya Veterinary Journal, Egypt 3: 125-134.

lxviii.       National Institutes of Health (2016). Vitamin E- Health Professional Fact Sheet". Office of Dietary Supplements, US.

lxix.           Nizza A, C Di Meo and S Taranto (2003). Effect of Collection Rhythms and Season on Rabbit Semen Production. Reproduction Domestic Animal 38: 436–439

lxx. Okab AB and SG El-Banna (2003). Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in New-Zealand white Male Rabbits during spring and summer seasons. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology 2: 289–300.

lxxi.           Okab AB, SG El-Banna and AA Koriem, (2008). Influence of environmental temperatures on some physiological and biochemical parameters of male New-Zealand rabbits. Slovak Journal of Animal Science 41, 12–19.

lxxii.Okoruwa MI (2014). Effect of heat stress on thermoregulatory, live body weight and physiological responses of dwarf goats in Southern Nigeria. European Science Journal 10 (27): 255-264.

lxxiii.       Ondruska L, J Rafay, A Okab,  M Ayoub, A Al-Haidary,  E Samara,  V Parkanyi, L Chrastinova,  R Jurcik and P Massanyi (2011). Influence of elevated ambient temperature upon some physiological measurements of New Zealand White rabbits. Veterinary Medicine, 56(4): 180-186.

lxxiv.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Radwan HEM (1998). Comparative study for New Zealand White rabbits and their crosses under different production systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig Uni­versity, Zagazig, Egypt.

lxxv.          Safaa HM,  ME Emarah and NFA Saleh (2008). Seasonal effects on semen quality in Black Baladi and White New Zealand rabbit bucks. Journal of World Rabbits Science 16: 13 - 20.

lxxvi.        Sartori R,  R Sartor-Bergfelt,  SA Mertens,  JN Guenther,  JJ Parrish and  MC Wiltbank (2002). Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2803–2812.

lxxvii.      Sayed MAM, AA  Azoa, AA El-Mekass, and AM Abdel-Khalek  (2005). Some performance aspects of Bauscat doe rabbits as affected by dietary supplementation with fenugreek and aniseed.  Proc. 2nd Conf.  Anim.  Prod.  Research.  Institute of Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt, pp:597-603.

lxxviii.    Sharaf AK, AA El-Darawany, AS Nasr and AAM Habeeb (2019a). Recent techniques for amelioration the effect of heat stress conditions on male rabbits. Zagazig Journal of Agriculture Research 46 (2):501-514.

lxxix.        Sharaf AK, AA El-Darawany, AS Nasr and AAM Habeeb (2019b). Alleviation the negative effects of summer heat stress by adding selenium with vitamin E or AD3E vitamins mixture in drinking water of female rabbits. Biological Rhythm Research, https://doi.org/DOI:10.1080/ 09291016.2019.1613796.

lxxx.          Sharma S,  K Ramesh,  I  Hyder,  S  Uniyal, , V Yadav,  R Panda, V Maurya, , G Singh, P Kumar, A Mitra and M Sarkar (2013). Effect of melatonin administration on thyroid hormones, cortisol and expression profile of heat shock proteins in goats (capra hircus) exposed to heat stress. Small Ruminants Research 112(1): 216-223.

lxxxi.        Shehab-El-Deen M,  J Leroy,  M Fadel, S Saleh,  D Maes. and A Van Soom (2010). Biochemical changes in the follicular fluid of the dominant follicle of high producing dairy cows exposed to heat stress early post-partum. Animal Reproduction Science 117: 189–200.

lxxxii.  Shehata AS, MA Sarhan and KM Gendy (1998). Digestibility, thyroid function and growth performance of New Zealand White rabbits as affected by season of the year and age. Egyptian Journal of Rabbit Science 8(2): 141-156.

lxxxiii.    Shen SQ, Y Zhang, J Xiang  and CL Xiong (2007). Protective effect of curcumin against liver warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model is associated with regulation of heat shock protein and antioxidant enzymes. World Journal of Gastroenterology 13: 1953-1961.

lxxxiv.    Soriano JMM (2012). Heat stress and antioxidant agents: Effects on gamete development.‏ Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona.

lxxxv.      Srikandakumar  A, EH Johnson and O Mahgoub (2003).  Effect of heat stress on respiratory rate, rectal temperature and blood chemistry in Omani and Australian Merino sheep. Small Ruminants Research 49: 193- 198.

lxxxvi.    Surai PF (2006): Selenium in ruminant nutrition. Page 487 in Selenium in Nutrition and Health. Nottingham Univ. Press, Nottingham, UK.

lxxxvii.  Swatson WS, M Katoh-Kurasawa, G Shaulsky and S Alexander (2017). Curcumin Affects Gene Expression And Reactive Oxygen Species Via A PKA Dependent Mechanism In Dictyostelium Discoideum. Plos One 12(11):1-27.

lxxxviii.                        Tauheed A., U Hamid, A Ali. and M  Zaigham (2017). Review Article, Zanjabeel (zingiber officinale rosc.): a hosehold rhizome with immune therapeutic potential and its utilization in unani medicine. International Journal of Pharmacological Science and Research, 8(8): 3218-3230.

lxxxix.    Tharwat EE, AF Khadr, SO Amin and EA Kotby (1994). Effect of hot environment on the reproduction of New Zeealand rabbits.1st International Conference on Rabbit production in hot climates, Cairo, Egypt, pp: 613-618

xc.   Theau-Clément M, A Sanchez, R Duzert, G Saleil and JM Brun (2009). Etude des facteurs de variation de la production spermatique chez le lapin. In Proc.:13èmes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole, INRA-ITAVI, 17-18 November, Le Mans (France), 129-132.

xci. Tipu MA, MS Akhtar, MI Anjum and MI Raja (2006). New dimension of medicinal plants as animal feed. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 26(3): 144-148.

xcii.           Wohlmuth H (2008). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of plants from the Ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Ph.D Theses. Southern Cross University. Lismore, Australia.

xciii.         Wu Y, F Wang, E Reece and P Yang (2015): Curcumin ameliorates high glucose-induced neural tube defects by suppressing cellular stress and apoptosis. American Journal of Obstetric Gynaecology 212: 802.e1-e8,

xciv.          Yang HS, D K Han, JR Kim and JC Sim (2005). Effects of alpha-tocopherol on cadmium-induced toxicity in rat testis and spermatogenesis. Journal of Korean Medical Science 21: 445- 451.

Cite this Article: