Antimicrobial Activity of Seed Extracts of Prosopis africana on Selected Microorganisms
Author(s)
James Hamuel Doughari , Mom Saa-Aondo ,
Download Full PDF Pages: 31-44 | Views: 412 | Downloads: 117 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5734037
Abstract
To investigate the antimicrobial activity of seed of Prosopis afriacana on clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Microsporum canis, agar well diffusion method was used. Extraction using various solvents (distilled water, ethanol and methanol) was done by cold maceration method. Qualitative analysis using the various solvent extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenols in all solvent extracts. The quantitative analysis showed that aqueous and ethanol seed extracts were higher in alkaloids (22.20% and 24.49%) respectively, methanol seed extracts was higher in tannin (1300 mg/100g). All the extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms with average diameter zone of inhibition ranging between 6.00-18.00 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 100 mg/ml-200 mg/ml, the minimum bactericidal concentration was at 250 mg/ml for the bacterial isolates and the minimum fungicidal concentration was between 200 mg/ml – 250 mg/ml on the fungal isolate. The results obtained in this work showed that Prosopis africana can be useful in treating ailments caused by pathogenic organisms selected in this work.
Keywords
Antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration
References
i Abbiw, D. (1990). Useful plants of Ghana. Intermediate Technology Publications and the Royal Botanical Gardens. Accra, pp456 - 478.
ii Abo, K.A.; Ogunleya., V.O and Ashidi JS (1991). Antimicrobial poteintial of Spondias mombin,Cronton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea. Journal of Pharmacological Research, 5 (13), 494-497
iii Ahmad, M., Akhtar, MS., Malik, T and Gilani A.H. (2000). Hypoglycaemic action of the flavonoid fraction of Cuminun nigrum seeds. Phytotherapy Research, 14 (2), 103-106.
iv Ajiboye, A.A. (2009). Seed germination and seedling physiology of four multipurpose savanna tree species; Ph. D thesis of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta.pp 350.
v Ajiboye, A.A., Agboola, D.A., Fadimu, O.Y and Afolabi, A.O. (2013).Antibacterial, Phytochemical and Proximate Analysis of Prosopis africana (LINN) Seed and Pod Extracts. FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, 9 (1), 101-109.
vi Amadi, B.A., Agomuo, E.N and Ibegbulem, C.O. (2004). Research Methods in Biochemistry. Supreme Publishers, Oweri, Nigeria. pp 60.
vii Anon. (1985). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (16th ed). American Public Health Association.Washington D.C. pp 909 – 1009.
viii Aworinde, D.O., Erinoso, S.M and IbukunOluwa, M.R. (2016).Mineral composition, phytochemical constituents and in vitro antimicrobial screening of some chewing sticks from Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 101, 9589-9597.
ix Babu, P.V., Liu D and Gilbert E.R. (2013). Recent advances in understanding the anti-diabetic actions of dietary flavonoids. Journal of Nutrition and Biochemistry, 24 (11), 1777-1789.
x Bazie, S., Ayalew, A and Woldetsadik, K. (2014). Antifungal activity of some plant extracts against Colletorichum musael the cause of post-harvest banana Antracrose. Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, 5 (2), 1-4.
xi Bohm, B.A and Kocipai, A.R. (1994). Flavonoids and condensed tannins from leaves of Hawaiian Vaccinium vaticulatum and V. calycinium. Pacific Science, 48, 458-463.
xii Brown, J.E and Rice-Evans, C.A. (1998). Luteolin rich artichoke extract protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation in vitro. Free Radical Research, 29, 247-255.
xiii Chen, F.W., Shieh, P., Kuo, D and Shieh, C. (2006). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Ruellia tuberosa. Food Chemistry, 94, 14-18.
xiv Chhabra, S.C., Viso, F.C and Mshiu, E.N. (1984). Phytochemical screening of Tanzanian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy, 11, 157-179.
xv Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2006). Performance standards for antimicrobial and susceptibility testing: Sixteenth Information Supplement M100 – S16, Clinical and Laboratory Institute, Wayne, PA.
xvi Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reserve, 12, 564-582.
xvii Denyer, S.P., Hodges, N.A and Gorman, S.P. (2004). Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs. In Hugo & Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology. 5th Ed. Balckwell Publishing, Chapter (13-14), pp 220 - 250.
xviii Doughari, J.H (2008). Invitro antifungal activity of stem bark extracts of Leptadonia lancifolia. Journal of Integrative Biology. 3(2):8-16.
xix Doughari, J.H. (2012). Phytochemicals: Extraction Methods, Basic Structures and Mode of Action as Potential Chemmotherapeutic Agents- A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health. Dr. Venketeshwer Rao. Ed). ISBN: 978-953-51-0296-0. Intech.
xx Doughari, J.H., Human, I.S., Benade, S. and Ndakidemi P.A. (2009). Phytochemicals as chemotherapeutic agents and antioxidants: Possible solution to the control of antibiotic resistant verocytoxin producing bacteria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3 (11), 839-848.
xxi Edeogal, H.O., Okwu, D.E and Mbaebie, B.O. (2005). Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (7), 685-688.
xxii Eze, E.A., Ezeonu, I.M., and Okafor, J.I. (2010). The Flip Side of Herbal Remsedies. Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health, 9, 67 - 76.
xxiii Ferguson, N.M. (1956). A textbook of Pharmacognosy, Macmillian Company. pp191.
xxiv Gawali, P and Jadhav, B.L. (2011). Antioxidant activity and antioxidant phytochemical analysis of mangrove species Sonneratia albaand Bruguiera cylindrical. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences, 13 (2), 257-261.
xxv Gordon, M.C and David, J.N. (2001). Natural product drug discovery in the next millennium. Pharmaceutical Biology, 39, 8-17.
xxvi Harbone, J.B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd edn, Chapman and Hall, London, pp302.
xxvii JeyaKumar, J., Kamaraj, M., Nandagopalan, V and Anburaja. (2013). Constituents in Caralluma umbellate by GC-MS Analysis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Intention, 2 (4), 37-41.
xxviii Jigna, P. Nehal, K and Sumitra, C. (2006). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Bauhinia veriegata L. bark. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 9, 53-56.
xxix Jing-Chung, C., Jang-Ying, Y., Pei-Chun, C and Cheng-Kuang, H. (2007). Phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of Yam-containing Surimi gels influenced by salt and heating. Asian Journal of Health and Information Sciences, 2, 1-4, 1-11.
xxx Kanadaswami, C., Lee, L., Lee, P.H., Hwang, J.J., Ke, F., Huang, Y.T and Lee, M.T. (2005). The Antitumor Activities of Flavonoids. In Vivo, 19, 895-910.
xxxi Lima, A.L., Parial, R., Das, M and Das, A.K. (2010). Phytochemical and Pharmacological studies of ethanolic extact from the leaf of mangrove plant Phoenix paludosa Roxb. Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8 (2), 59-69.
xxxii Liu, R.H. (2004). Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of Action. Journal of Nutrition, 134 (12), 3479-3485.
xxxiii Moses, A.G., Maobe, Gitu, L., Erastus, Gatebe and Rotich, H. (2012). Phytochemical Analysis of Phenol and Flavonoid in eight selected medicinal herbs used for the treatment of Diabetes, Malaria and Pneumonia in Kisii, Kenya. Academic Journal of Cancer Research, 5 (2), 31-39.
xxxiv Mungole, A.J., Awati, R., Chaturvedi, A., Zanwar, P and Arvind, J. (2010). Preliminary Phytochemical screening of Ipomoea obscura (L) –A hepatoprotective medicinal plant. International Journal Pharmaceutical and Technological Research, 2 (4), 2307-2312.
xxxv Namkeleja, H.S., Tarimo, N.T.C and Ndakidemi, P.A. (2014). Allelopathic Effects of Argemone Mexicana to Growth of Native Plant Species. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5 (9), 1336-1344.
xxxvi Narayana, K.R., Reddy, M.S., Chaluvadi, M.R and Krishna, D.R. (1999). Bioflavonoids classification, pharmacology, biochemical effects and therapeutic potential. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 33, 2-16.
xxxvii Nazir, T., Uniyal, A.K and Todari, N.P. (2007). Allelopathic behaviour of three medicinal plant species on traditional agricultural crops of Garhwal Himalaya. Indian Agroforest System, 69, 183-187.
xxxviii Nester, M.T., Annderson, D.G., Roberts, J.C.E and Pearlsall, N.N. (2002). Microbiology - A human perspective Genitourinary Infections and antimicrobial medications. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill. Madrid. 21 - 25; 496 - 664.
xxxix Nurdiani, R., Firdaus, M and Prihanto, A.A. (2012). Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of ethanolic extract from the leaf of mangrove plant (Rhyzophoramucronata) from Porong River Estuary. Journal of Basic Science and Technology, 1 (2), 27-29.
xl Nweze, E.L., Okafor, J.L and Njoku, O. (2004). Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic extracts of Trumeguineesis (Scchumn and Thorn) and Morinda Lucinda used in Nigerian Herbal Medicinal practice. Journal of Research and biotechnology, 2 (1), 34-46.
xli Odozi, B.E., Ibeh I N., Odozi P.I., Osakwe, A.A and Otoikhian, C.S.O. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extract of Prosopis africana on selected bacteria isolates. Indo-American Journal of Life Science and Biotechnology, 2 (2), 10-14.
xlii Ofokansi, C., Esimone, C.O and Anele, C.R. (2005). Evaluation of the invitro Combined Antibacterial Effect of the Leaf Extracts of Bryophillum pinnatum (Fam. RASSULACEAE) and Ocimum gratissum (FAM: LABIATAE). Plant Product Research Journal, 9, 23-27.
xliii Ogbeba, J., Iruolaje, F.O and Dogo, B.O. (2017). Antimicrobial efficacy of Guiera senenegalensis and Prosopis africana leaf on some selected bacterial pathogens. European Journal of Biology and Medical Research, 5 (2), 27-36.
xliv Okafor, J.I., Eze, E.A and Njoku, O.U (2002). Antibacterial Activities of the Extracts of Leaves of Baphia nitida, cassia alata, Ficus exasterata and Gossypium arboreum. Applied Natural Science Research, 1 (4), 1-5.
xlv Okafor, J.I., Eze, E.A and Njoku, O.U. (2001). Antifungal Activities of the Leaves of Baphia nitida Cassid alota, Ficus exasperata and Gossypium arboreum. Nigeria Journal of Natural Products and Medicine, 5, 59 - 60.
xlvi Okoli, A.S and Ireogbu, C.U. (2004). Evaluation of Extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis Nuclea and Uvaria afzalii for activity against Bacteria Isolates from cases of non-gonococal urethritis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92, 135-44.
xlvii Olajuyige, O.O., Babalola, A.E., and Afolalayan, A.J. (2011). Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of crude ethanolic extracts of Waltheria Linn. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5 (22), 3760-3764.
xlviii Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Jammadass, R and Anthony, S. (2009). Agroforestree Database a tree reference and seclection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/tressdbs/treedatabases.asp).
xlix Osho, A., Bello, O.O., Fayemi, S.O and Adetuji, T. (2011). Invitro Screening of some selected Nigerian medicinal plants (Fagara zanthoxyloids, Veronia amygdalina, Prosopis africana, and Azadirachta indiaca) for antibacterial activity. Advances in Bioresearch, 2 (1), 190-195.
l Patel, M.B and Mishra, S. (2011). Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Tinospora cordifolia. Phytomedicine, 18 (12), 1045-52.
li Pearson, D. (1976). Chemical analysis of foods.7th edn, Edinburg Chuchill, Livingstone.
lii Prabhu, V.V and Guruvayoorappan C. (2012). Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.)Vierh. Der Pharmacia Sinica, 3 (1), 64-70.
liii Rice, E.L. (1984). Allelopathy .2nd ed., Academic Press, Orlando, FL, USA.pp.67-68.
liv Sen, A and Batra, A. (2012). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of medicinal plant: Melia azedarach L. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 4 (2), 67-73.
lv Shahriar, M., Hossain, I., Sharmin, F.A., Akhter, S., Haque A and Bhuiyan, M A. (2013). In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Withania somnifera Root. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 3 (2), 38-47.
lvi Shanmugapriya, R., Ramanathan, T and Renugadevi, G. (2012). Phytochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Efficiency of Mangrove Plants Avicennia marina and Avicennia officinalis. International journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, 3 (2), 348-351.
lvii Sharma, R.R. (2012). Preliminary phytochemical screening of some indigenous medicinal plant leaves extract in regulation of antidiabetic activity. Science Research Reporter, 2 (3), 307-310.
lviii Sofowora, A. (1993). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Limited, pp67-69.
lix Tanko, Y, Yyerima, M, Mahdi, M.A, Yaro A.H, Musa K.Y and Mohammed A. (2008). Hypoglycemicc Activity of Methanolic Stem Bark of Adansonnia digitata Extract on Blood Glucose Levels of Streptozocin-induceced Diabetic Wistar Rats. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products, 1 (2), 32-36.
lx Thatoi, H.N., Panda, S.K., Rath, S.K and Dutta, S.K. (2008). Antimicrobial activity and ethnomedicinal uses of some medicinal plants from Similipal Biosphere Reserve Orissa. Asian Journal of Plant Science, 7, 260-267.
lxi Tiwari, P., Kumar., B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G and Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review: International pharmaceutica sciencia, 1 (1), 98-106.
lxii Usman, H and Usuji, J.C. (2007). Phytochemical and in vitro antimicrobial assay of the leaf extract of Newbouldia leavis. African Journal of Traditional Products, 4, 476-480.
lxiii Wadood, A., Ghufran, M., Jamal, S,B., Naeem, M., Khan, A., Gharfar, R and Asnad. (2013). Phytochemical analysis of medicinal Plants Occurring in Local Area of Mardan. Anal Biochemistry, 2, 144
Cite this Article: